Libel and Personal Injury

Great place, America. It’s the land of the free and home of the brave. We’ve got the right to bear arms, and to say anything we want to.

Well, almost.

While we do have a Constitutional right to free speech, others have personal rights too. And it’s not unusual for one person’s free speech rights to run up against another person’s right to protect his reputation. You take your speech too far, and you just might run into the laws of defamation.

Defamation: Libel and Slander.

“Defamation” is the broad term that covers the civil tort of making statements that injure another’s business or personal reputation. Written statements that damage another’s reputation are called “libel.” Spoken statements are called “slander.”  A person who has suffered (or thinks he has suffered) a defamatory statement can sue the person who made the statement.

To prove either type of defamation, a plaintiff must prove 4 elements:

  1. a false statement purporting to be fact
  2. publication or communication of that statement to a third person
  3. fault amounting to at least negligence, and
  4. damages orsome harm caused to the person or entity who is the subject of the statement.

Libel and Social Media

The prevalence of access to the internet, and social media in particular, has made it easier than ever to make defamatory statements about people or their companies. For example, internet services like Yelp! are specifically designed to allow people to review and comment on other people’s businesses. With social media services (Twitter, Facebook, YouTube) you can instantly publish comments and it’s not unusual for people to publish disparaging comments. Yet a false and damaging Yelp! review, tweet, YouTube video, or Facebook update can become a defamatory statement (libel) that is actionable by the person or company you are writing about. And that means that you could very well end up defending yourself in a defamation lawsuit.

Defenses and Privileges.

Not every statement that is injurious to a person’s or company’s reputation is actionable, however. State laws vary, but there are defenses and privileges that prevent a statement from being actionable as libel or slander. For example, “truth” is an absolute defense to all defamation claims. To prove defamation, a plaintiff must prove that the statement was false, and must show that the defendant was at fault. There are also absolute and qualified privileges that serve as defenses against libel or slander claims.

Know Your Rights!

If you are facing a defamation lawsuit or believe you have been defamed, contact us. We have offices in Tigard, Salem, Albany, Grants Pass, Klamath Falls, Bend, and several other cities in Oregon. We also have offices in Vancouver and Tri-Cities in Washington. You can call us toll free at: 1-800-682.9568.

When Can You Recover for Pain and Suffering?

If you have been in a car accident, the extent of the damage to your car is pretty obvious, but what about you? You not only have medical bills, but you are also suffering from the mental and emotional impact of the accident: you’re upset, you’re afraid to drive or be in a car again, or maybe you’re up all night because you can’t get it off your mind or the pain is keeping you awake. Is that something you can recover money for?

Yes, it is. Mental and emotional damage resulting from an accident or injury is compensable.

What is Pain and Suffering?

When someone files a civil lawsuit, they are generally looking for money to compensate them for the damage or injury done to them. Damages fall into two categories: (1) economic and (2) noneconomic.

Economic damages refer to money losses, like medical bills, car repair costs, lost wages, etc.

Noneconomic damages, however, refer to more intangible damages, like injury to reputation, mental distress, or humiliation. In the context of a personal injury action, “pain and suffering” generally refers to the noneconomic, mental or emotional damage you suffer as the result of an injury or accident.

How Much Can You Recover for Your Pain and Suffering?

It’s not easy to evaluate a person’s pain and suffering. As you might imagine, everyone is different, so there is no bright line for calculating pain and suffering damages. Calculating pain and suffering damages involves a balancing of many factors.

State laws put limits on the type of noneconomic damages you can recover for and how much you can recover for them. For example, Oregon law limits recovery for pain and suffering to $500,000. Washington State, on the other hand, limits the amount you can receive from the parents of a child under 18 who is living at home and may have willfully injured you, and uses a wage times life expectancy calculation to limit other noneconomic damages.

When Can You Recover for Pain and Suffering?

Noneconomic damages like pain and suffering are generally part of any personal injury or car accident litigation. However, just because the ability to recover such damages exists, that does not mean that the insurance company will automatically pay for them. You will need to prove the extent of your damages —including your pain and suffering— with evidence and testimony. Some documents you may need to provide are:

  • Prescription receipts.
  • Over-the-counter medication receipts.
  • Medical bills, if any, for therapy, ambulance costs, x-rays, emergency room visits,
  • Proof of lost wages or time off from school.
  • A log of all medical treatment, pain, and missed activities.
  • Photos of your injuries.

Hire a Personal Injury Attorney!

We can take the pain out of personal injury recovery. We offer free consultations, reasonable fees, and are committed to getting our clients the relief they need. To set up an appointment, call us toll free at: 1-800-682.9568 or contact us through our website.

What You Can Keep After Filing for Bankruptcy

 

Many people believe that they will lose everything they own if they file for bankruptcy. Not true. In fact, most people who file for bankruptcy do not lose anything they own at all.

How can that be?

Well, the secret lies in…

Exemptions.

Most consumers file for Chapter 7 (or “liquidation”) bankruptcy. In a Chapter 7, exemptions determine what property you get to keep. If your property is exempt, whether it is your home, your car, your pensions, furniture, your clothes, etc., you can keep it during and after the bankruptcy. Exemptions protect your property and put it beyond the reach of the bankruptcy trustee (“trustee”).

If the property is nonexempt, then the trustee is entitled to sell it to pay your unsecured creditors.

In a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, it is the exemptions that determine how much you will have to pay to nonpriority, unsecured creditors.

If you are considering bankruptcy in Oregon or Washington, it’s important for you to understand how exemptions work and to know what property is exempt in those states. We can help. We have offices in Tigard, Salem, Albany, Grants Pass, Klamath Falls, Bend, and several other cities in Oregon. We also have offices in Vancouver and Tri-Cities in Washington.

A Little More About Exemptions.

Every state has its own set of bankruptcy exemptions and most states require that you use the state exemptions only. However, some states allow a debtor to choose whether to use state exemptions or federal bankruptcy exemptions. Like all states, Oregon has its own set of bankruptcy exemptions. But in Oregon, if you file for bankruptcy you can elect to use the federal bankruptcy exemptions instead of the Oregon state exemptions. In Washington, you can use either the federal exemptions or the state exemptions.

How Exemptions Work.

There is a lot to know about exemptions, but briefly, this is how it works: if you have property that is worth a certain dollar amount that is equal to or less than the exemption, you will be allowed to keep the property. If, on the other hand, the property’s value exceeds the exemption, it is highly likely that the trustee will sell that property and use it to pay your unsecured creditors. Why? Because the federal government assumes that honest debtors try to pay off their debts. So, if a debtor has excessive property, the federal government believes it should be sold to pay those debts. On the other hand, the bankruptcy laws are designed to give debtors a “fresh start” —– not to leave them destitute. As a result of these dual concepts, both state and federal bankruptcy laws provide debtors with property exemptions.  Generally, Chapter 7 exemptions are far lower, stricter and are less flexible than Chapter 13 exemptions.

 We Can Guide You Through It.

If you are considering bankruptcy and want to know what property exemptions you would be entitled to, contact us. We have offices throughout Oregon and in Washington, and we offer free consultations.

 

 

Core Proceedings and the Bankruptcy Court

Let’s say you’re having a really, really, bad week. You were injured in a car accident, the extension the contractor put on your house fell apart and now you’re suing him for breach of contract, your wife just found out about your (latest) girlfriend and has filed for divorce, and you can’t pay your creditors, so you just filed a Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy. In the middle of reeling from all of this you think to yourself, when I get into bankruptcy court, is the judge going to decide the liability, breach of contract and divorce cases too?

Good question.

When you file for bankruptcy, it is important to understand what matters the court will decide and what matters it won’t decide. Knowing the extent of the court’s  jurisdictional authority is one reason why it is important that you hire competent bankruptcy counsel to represent you. We have offices throughout Oregon and in Washington State. Our attorneys are experienced bankruptcy attorneys and they know the law.

The Bankruptcy Court’s Jurisdiction. Core Proceedings.

Bankruptcy courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. That means that they do not hear and decide everything and anything. Congress granted bankruptcy judges jurisdiction over certain issues, which are called “core proceedings.” A bankruptcy judge’s decisional power is generally limited to bankruptcy matters.

Core proceedings are proceedings or issues that are entirely related to the bankruptcy case. The bankruptcy judge has the power to hear and decide these matters and enter judgment on them. Some examples of core proceedings are: the bankruptcy trustee’s duties, matters concerning debtor exemptions, or proceedings to determine, decide or recover fraudulent transfers. There are many more, but this should give you some idea of what the bankruptcy court will hear and decide.

Non-core Proceedings.

Non-core proceedings are issues that arise in a bankruptcy case that are not technically bankruptcy matters. These are called “non-core proceedings.” Examples of non-core proceedings in our fact pattern above would be your divorce, the car accident and the breach of contract action against your contractor. These matters are not governed by bankruptcy law but by other state laws and they are not directly related to your bankruptcy.

However, that does not mean that the bankruptcy court cannot hear and decide issues that may be non-core proceedings yet are matters directly related to your bankruptcy. For example, in our fact pattern above, while the bankruptcy court will not decide your divorce (in other words, it won’t enter a dissolution of marriage), it may decide issues in the divorce case that are related to your bankruptcy— like division of the marital property.

If the bankruptcy judge makes a decision in a non-core proceeding, that decision cannot become a final judgment unless all parties consent. If the parties don’t consent, then the bankruptcy judge must submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law to the Superior or Circuit court.

We Know the Law!

If you find any of this confusing, don’t worry. We are bankruptcy attorneys with offices in Tigard, Salem, Albany, Grants Pass, Klamath Falls, Bend, and several other cities in Oregon. We also have offices in Vancouver and Tri-Cities in Washington. We offer free consultations and we can help you. To set up an appointment, call us toll free at: 1-800-682.9568.

Evaluating How Much a Personal Injury Case is Worth

There is no such thing as an “average” settlement. There are simply too many different types of personal injury cases, and in any event a settlement will always depend on the unique facts of that particular case. However, there are some factors common to most personal injury cases. Most personal injury cases end in a settlement rather than a jury verdict. The actual settlement in a personal injury case takes place when the defendant (the person being sued) agrees to pay the plaintiff (the person who is suing) an amount of money to make the plaintiff drop the case.

 

To determine the amount of a settlement, both sides begin by deciding on their own what they think the case is worth. In other words, what a potential jury might award the plaintiff if the case went to trial. This is generally done by researching similar cases to see what juries have awarded in the past, and then factoring in the circumstances of the case at hand. In the event that an insurance company is handling the defendant’s side, there might be predetermined settlement amounts depending on the type of lawsuit.

 

Once both sides have come up with an estimate for an acceptable settlement amount, they will begin making offers and counter-offers. As the facts become clearer and the likelihood of the plaintiff prevailing at trial is fleshed out, the prospective amount may go higher or lower. Once the sides agree on an acceptable settlement amount, they will sign a settlement agreement and the plaintiff then proceeds to drop the case. The following are some key factors that can help determine the potential value of a settlement:

  • The defendant’s assets- If a defendant doesn’t have the means to pay a high settlement, then a high settlement won’t be a possibility regardless of the facts of the case.
  • Damages- For the plaintiff, this entails what their injuries cost monetarily, physically, and mentally. Damages can also include medical expenses, lost work, and any other concrete financial losses suffered by the plaintiff.
  • Liability- This is a strong determinant for how strong the plaintiff’s case actually is, i.e. is the defendant liable for the plaintiff’s injuries. Even if high damages can be shown, liability will still be the crucial issue.

 

 

 

What You Should Not Do Before Bankruptcy

Before filing for bankruptcy, there is a significant amount of preparation that you should take to ensure that nothing adversely affects the bankruptcy process. An experienced bankruptcy attorney is an invaluable resource when determining what steps you should take to prepare. Some actions can have a negative, or even irreversible, effect on your bankruptcy. Here are some common mistakes to avoid.

When you’re filling out the bankruptcy paperwork, and at the creditors meeting, it’s essential that you provide complete and accurate information about all assets, debts, income, expenses, and anything else pertaining to your financial history. You are doing so under the penalty of perjury. To knowingly misrepresent any of this information is to risk criminal prosecution. Fill out the paperwork carefully. Make sure you answer all the questions and include all the information requested; only leave something blank if you’re sure it doesn’t apply to you. If you leave something out that should have been included, it can cause problems later on in the bankruptcy process.

It’s also crucial to have filed your income tax returns. If you have not filed your returns for a minimum of two years prior to filing for bankruptcy, it makes completing your petition, schedules, and statement of financial affairs extremely difficult. Furthermore, it can effectively bring the bankruptcy process to a halt. Your tax returns are necessary to determine your past and current earnings and asset holdings, and to satisfy potential priority tax claims.  Under chapter 13 the court and trustee will require all returns that you were required to file within the previous four years be filed within the first couple of months of the case.  If you fail to do so the court can dismiss the case.

Do not run up any additional debt within the 70 to 90 days prior to filing for bankruptcy. If you do, the creditor(s) can object to your discharge on the grounds that you ran up the debt fraudulently (that is, without any intention of paying it back). A possible exception is if you took out a payday loan as part of a cycle of cash advances and repayment. An experienced bankruptcy attorney can help guide you through the process of preparing for bankruptcy to ensure that your filing goes smoothly.

 

 

What to Do Immediately After a Car Crash

It’s important to have a mental checklist for what you need to do immediately following an accident. At the very least, whether it’s a major accident or a fender bender, damage claims and insurance companies will be involved. What happens right after an accident can make all the difference in how claims or lawsuits get resolved. Here are some things to keep in mind following a car accident:

  • Most important of all, immediately check on the safety of everyone involved in the accident. Call paramedics if there’s the slightest possibility that anyone is injured. First and foremost, this should be done for the sake of the well-being of all involved. Secondary to that, it is important to the future success of any damage claims that you as an accident promptly seek medical attention if necessary.
  • Whether or not paramedics are needed, make sure a police officer comes to the scene of the accident. It’s essential that a police report is created to determine which driver will be held legally at fault.
  • Seek medical treatment as soon as possible, and make sure you follow through on all prescribed courses of treatment and follow-up visits. Keep a daily journal of the status and progression of your injuries. You need to be establishing a thorough medical record to document injuries in the event that you wish to seek monetary damages.
  • Contact your insurance company as soon as possible following the accident. Keep careful track of the claim number you are assigned and the name of your claims adjuster. Report the accident to the other driver’s insurance company as well, but be careful about what you say.
  • Seek the services of an experienced personal injury attorney immediately. An injury attorney can assist you with the documentation and in stressful claim settlement negotiations. When it comes time for a settlement, you’ll see the difference a good personal injury attorney can make when it comes time to settle the claims.

 

Chapter 7 Bankruptcy and the Means Test

The main hurdle you have to overcome when attempting to qualify for Chapter 7 bankruptcy is the means test. The Chapter 7 means test is designed to look at your income and expenses and disqualify you for Chapter 7 if they don’t fit within certain guidelines. The means test will compare your average monthly income for the six-month period preceding your bankruptcy filing against the median income of a comparable household in your state of residence.

The means test is intended to prevent people with higher than average incomes from filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Often, the better bet for someone who cannot qualify under the mean test is to go the Chapter 13 route. The means test comes across as relatively straightforward, but it can be more complex than you think. A good bankruptcy attorney can be an invaluable resource in guiding you through this process. Here are three common mistakes people make when completing the means test form:

  • Listing the wrong household size. This can be more complicated than it would seem since courts don’t always agree on what constitutes household size. A minority of courts take the view that everyone living in the house should be counted. Other courts determine household size by including only those people who are financially dependent on the debtor. Household size is extremely important to the means test because it is used to calculate the median family income to balance against your income, and the standard deduction amounts for housing and certain other expenses.
  • Your income doesn’t match up to the documentation you provide. This is information you have to go over carefully. The number of weeks in a month, the issue date of paychecks, and the timing of the bankruptcy filing are all factors that can affect the average income figures.
  • Failing to take all allowable deductions. Don’t miss out on a deduction you are entitled to. Court ordered payments like those in a divorce or child custody case are allowable deductions, for example.

 

Is Bankruptcy a Shield Against Medicare/Medicaid Termination for Healthcare Providers?

Medicare and Medicaid payments make up a significant amount of total revenue for many healthcare providers. The question of whether a federal or state agency can terminate a Medicare or Medicaid provider agreement for a healthcare provider going through bankruptcy is an important one. So far, the answer is a conditional yes depending on jurisdiction and how the bankruptcy court attempts to stop the termination.

A bankruptcy court has two ways it can attempt to halt the termination: through an automatic stay pursuant to the Bankruptcy Code, or by ordering an injunction to maintain the status quo throughout the bankruptcy proceedings (thus keeping the provider agreement in place at least temporarily). An automatic stay is simply an automatic injunction that prevents creditors from taking actions to collect debts from a debtor who has declared bankruptcy. However, there are certain statutory exceptions to an automatic stay, including one for actions falling within the government’s use of “police and regulatory power.”

Regarding the second method (a separate court-ordered injunction), there is some question as to whether government actions pertaining to the Medicare and Medicaid Act are even within a bankruptcy court’s jurisdictional powers to begin with.

The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals (encompassing Florida, Georgia, and Alabama) has addressed the question of jurisdiction. According to the Eleventh Circuit, a bankruptcy judge does not have the authority to stop a government action related to the Medicare and Medicaid Act.

As to the automatic stay, the First Circuit Court of Appeals (encompassing Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island) found that the government could still terminate the Medicare and Medicaid provider agreements based on the statutory exception for police power. Meanwhile, the Supreme Court has so far not taken the opportunity to weigh-in.

As things stand now, there are only two definitive answers to the question of whether bankruptcy is a shield against the government terminating a provider agreement: maybe, and wait and see.

Bankruptcy and Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurs are generally driven and highly motivated people. When a venture or business fails, it can be very hard for the owner to not take it personally. For an entrepreneur, bankruptcy can be a demoralizing and draining experience. However, this doesn’t have to be the case. Another way to look at bankruptcy is as a fresh start. It doesn’t have to be the end of the road. Check out these 6 steps entrepreneurs can take to bounce back after a bankruptcy.

  1. Face it head on

Don’t try to avoid or ignore the issue at hand. Things didn’t work out, and bankruptcy was the best option at hand. This is nothing to be ashamed about or take personally.

  1. Take an inventory

Part of facing the issue in a healthy way is taking a pragmatic look at your financial situation. This is crucial to processing the present and preparing to move on to the future.

  1. Budget

As you move forward, put together a budget and stick to it. This will take away stress, add to peace of mind, and is a practical step to position you for the next move.

  1. Embrace transparency

Don’t hide or dodge the issue with the people around you. Seek out family and friends, people you have healthy and affirming relationships with, to help you come to grips with your bankruptcy and move on to the next thing.

  1. Focus on where you’re at

The same laser focus entrepreneurs have with their businesses needs to be applied to bankruptcy. Rid yourself of distractions. Focus on budgeting and making wise financial decisions that set you up for success in your next venture.

  1. Reengage

Remember, you’re not a loser or a failure. As stated above, this is your clean slate. Concentrate on getting through the bankruptcy efficiently and in a healthy a way, take of yourself, and get ready for the next adventure.  We advise clients to make a list with the heading “Knowing what I know now, what would I do differently?”  Take this knowledge with you as you head on toward your next adventure.